With pollen counts soaring, many people find themselves sneezing, with itchy eyes and feeling generally miserable. Seasonal allergies, also known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis, are more than just a minor inconvenience. For millions, they’re a genuine medical condition that can disrupt daily life and worsen other health issues, such as asthma, sinus infections, and ear infections. Thankfully, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates various medications designed to alleviate these symptoms.
What Are Seasonal Allergies?
Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to a harmless substance, like pollen, identifying it as an invader. In response, the body releases chemicals such as histamine, which triggers symptoms like a runny nose, itchy eyes, sneezing, and congestion. Seasonal allergies are usually caused by plant pollens, with different types peaking at different times of the year:
– Tree pollen in early spring
– Grass pollen in late spring and early summer
– Weed pollen, like ragweed, in late summer and fall
– Certain types of molds can also exacerbate seasonal allergy symptoms.
Simple Strategies to Minimize Exposure
Avoiding pollen is one of the best ways to manage symptoms. Here are a few ways to reduce your exposure:
1. Close windows in your home and car, especially during high pollen counts.
2. Shower before bed to remove allergens from your skin and hair.
3. Stay indoors when your symptoms are severe, particularly on windy days.
However, it isn’t always feasible to stay inside all season. Medications may be necessary when symptoms are especially intense or persistent.
Medication Options for Allergy Relief
Several types of allergy medications are available, both over-the-counter (OTC) and by prescription. Here’s an overview:
Antihistamines
Antihistamines work by blocking histamine, the chemical responsible for many allergy symptoms. These are available in tablet, liquid, and nasal spray forms. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness, so it’s essential to read the label for potential side effects and dosing instructions.
– Sedating Antihistamines: Use with caution, as they may impair your ability to drive or operate machinery.
– Non-sedating Antihistamines: These are available both OTC and by prescription and are less likely to cause drowsiness.
Nasal Corticosteroids
Nasal corticosteroids reduce inflammation and nasal congestion. These are often sprayed into the nose once or twice daily. They are available OTC and by prescription, but consult with your health care provider if you or your child needs them for extended periods.
Decongestants
Decongestants relieve nasal congestion and are available as tablets, liquids, and nasal sprays. However, they should be used for short periods as overuse, especially with nasal sprays, can worsen congestion (known as the “rebound effect”). Some decongestants contain pseudoephedrine, which requires you to ask the pharmacist and show ID to purchase.
Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots or Tablets)
For long-term relief, allergen immunotherapy helps the body develop tolerance to allergens through regular injections or sublingual (under-the-tongue) tablets. This treatment can take several years, but it may significantly reduce symptoms and even decrease the need for medication over time.
– Allergy Shots: Injections are administered weekly, with doses gradually increased over time.
– Sublingual Tablets: Used for specific seasonal allergies, these tablets require a prescription and must be started several months before allergy season.
Children and Allergy Medicines
Parents should always consult the Drug Facts Label when choosing nonprescription medications for children. Some medications can be used in children as young as two years old, but others have age restrictions. Always consult with a healthcare provider for proper dosing and product recommendations.
Contacting the FDA for More Information
If you have questions or need more information about allergy medications, the FDA’s Division of Drug Information can help. You can reach out to them at 1-855-543-3784, 1-301-796-3400, or druginfo@fda.hhs.gov.
Seasonal allergies can be challenging, but by understanding the triggers, minimizing exposure, and knowing your medication options, you can manage your symptoms and enjoy the season more comfortably.
